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From scratch to the enemy
Mr. Wu Xuelei, a Beijing Institute of Special Engineering Machinery that has conducted systematic research on Chinese and foreign military vehicles, believes that according to available literature, the history of the military vehicles of our army can be traced back to the end of 1937, when the Central Military Commission The first automobile transportation team of our army was established to and from Yan'an, Xi’an and Chongqing. It is mainly composed of dozens of cars donated and purchased by friends at home and abroad. By the end of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, the PLA had more than 400 military vehicles seized from various anti-Japanese base areas.
During the war of liberation, the main source of our military vehicles was still loot from the enemy's hands. For example, in the battle of Lunan, the East China Field Army smashed the first rapid column of the Kuomintang army and seized 470 cars. Based on this, it formed the East China Field Army special forces column. More than 1200 cars were seized from the first year of each battlefield. In the second year, more than two thousand cars were seized, and the number of seized cars in the third year doubled. A total of more than 22,000 vehicles were seized in various battles in 4 years.
The military vehicles “taken from the enemy†have, to a certain degree, improved the military power and combat effectiveness of our army on the battlefield. We welcome the military team of the soldiers of the youngsters from the liberated areas to the chairman of Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander Zhu De’s American jeep at the Nanyuan Airport. All of them vividly reflect the situation of our military vehicles during that period.
BJ2020SMZ
From import to imitation
After the liberation, in order to defend the victory fruits of the New China, on the one hand, it is necessary to quell the remaining hostile forces in the country, and on the other hand, it is necessary to resolve the urgent need of the frontline operations of the volunteers who go to North Korea to participate in the war. This is the equipment transportation and mobility of millions of troops and militias. Made a very high demand. According to relevant statistics, since 1951, the country has imported more than 10,000 cars each year. By the end of 1957, the total number of automobile equipment of the entire army had reached more than 92,000 vehicles. Among them, there are more than 55,000 Soviet-style vehicles, accounting for more than 70%; the number of cars in France and other countries is more than 22,000 vehicles, accounting for nearly 25%; the number of cars in other Eastern European countries is nearly 3,000, only about 3%. . However, in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which was under the imperialist economic blockade and military encirclement, it was impossible to rely solely on foreign-imported cars for the maintenance of national security or the need for the army's right track construction. Both the international and domestic situation must require China to have the ability to manufacture its own military vehicles without delay.
In 1953 of the "First Five-Year Plan", Chairman Mao Zedong personally wrote the inscription for "The foundation stone of the First Automobile Factory." Three years later, “FAW†was completed and put into production, ending the history of China’s inability to produce automobiles and beginning to reverse the situation in which military vehicles completely depend on imports. Through the assistance of the Soviet Union, FAW began to imitate the Muse series of off-road vehicles. In three years of operation, the armed forces equipped the military with more than 7,000 vehicles of 3.5 tons of 4-2 type CA10, and two years later trial production of 2.5 tons of Type 6-6 CA30 off-road vehicles. car. For the 0.5-ton, 1-ton light-weight off-road vehicles, most of them were American jeep left after the war, except for about 4,000 vehicles imported from the Soviet Union. The workers and technicians of Chongqing Chang'an Automobile Factory did a mapping design for the US-made CJ-5 Jeep under hard conditions without any experience and production foundation. In May 1958, the country’s first off-road vehicle “Yangtze River†was developed. 46 In the 1959 National Day 10th Anniversary military parade, the model became an exciting scene for the people. It is worth mentioning that the "Yangtze Brand" 46 off-road vehicle has achieved nearly 1,400 production volumes. The accumulated data and successful experience have laid an important foundation for the future development of the Beijing Automobile Manufacturing Plant.
City hunter
Self-reliant "first generation" military vehicle
On December 13, 1960, the General Staff Department of the Central Military Commission issued the task of developing and producing light-duty vehicles for the Beijing Automobile Manufacturing Plant under the Ministry of Machinery Industry. On December 30, the Automotive Department of the First Engine Department held a special meeting attended by seven departments including the General Staff Headquarters and the General Logistics Department, which clarified the light-duty SUVs that are urgently needed by our military for military command vehicles, and they have light-weight traction vehicles. Artillery, anti-chemical, radio communication equipment, and other functions require the organization of trial production as soon as possible, and the model will be designated as model BJ210 according to ministerial standards.
In order to achieve the serialization of domestic military vehicles, the military-vehicle wheeled vehicle professional group approved by the Central Military Commission Scientific and Technical Committee in June 1961 unifiedly formulated a military vehicle development plan, organized development, testing, stereotypes, and coordinated production. After more than two years of hard work, the "plan for the serialization of military wheeled vehicles" was drafted and approved by the leading comrades of the Central Military Commission He Long, Nie Rongzhen, Luo Ruiqing, etc., and was issued on May 1, 1963. The plan determined the development and production of basic models of six types of military vehicles of 0.5 tons, 1 tons, 2.5 tons, 3.5 tons, 5 tons and 7 tons. Based on these six models, more than 20 variants can be developed and converted into several types of special vehicles, which basically meet the serialization, generalization and standardization requirements of military vehicle equipment.
Beginning in 1963, a machine division organized the production of off-road vehicles of 1 ton, 2.5 ton, and 3.5 ton levels at the First Automobile Manufacturing Plant and the Nanjing Automobile Manufacturing Plant in accordance with the serialization plan for military vehicles. In 1964, the company established a second automobile manufacturing plant for the production of off-road vehicles in the third line, Sichuan (Hongyan, Chongqing) and Shaanxi Automobile Manufacturing Plant to produce off-road vehicles of 0.5 tons, 5 tons and 7 tons. In the late 1960s, the BJ212 light off-road vehicle manufactured by Beijing Automotive and Nanjing Automobile's NJ230 were put into operation; the 5-ton Dongfanghong 665 heavy-duty tractor developed by the Luoyang Tractor Factory also began to equip troops. In 1974, the second car manufacturer built the EQ240 car production line and began production of the 3.5-ton EQ245 off-road vehicle. By 1980, the six basic models of domestic first-generation military wheeled vehicles (0.5 ton class 4-4 BJ212, 1 ton class 4-4 NJ230, 2.5 ton class 6-6 CA30, 3.5 ton class 6- Type 6 EQ245, 5-ton 6-6 SX250, 7-ton 6-6 JN252 and CQ261 all fulfilled the expected goals of batch production. At the same time, the 6-6 Yanan SX250, the Yellow River JN252, the Hongyan CQ261 off-road vehicle and the Dongfanghong DFH665 developed in the early 1970s constituted the first generation of military heavy off-road vehicles in China, reversing the inconsistency of heavy-duty tractors. Matching, the situation of the cart pulling the cannon met the urgent needs of the army, contributed to the development of the national economy and the building of national defense, and played an important role in promoting the improvement of the entire automobile industry in China.
Since the mid-1960s, China has formed an annual production capacity of more than 10,000 vehicles for the army. The General Logistics Department began in the early 1970s, based on the domestic military vehicle chassis, developed and modified general-purpose vehicles and special-purpose vehicles to solve the various forces. Demand for special vehicle equipment required by arms. According to statistics, by 1985, the total number of domestically-manufactured general-purpose vehicles and special-purpose vehicles that had been modified by the entire army accounted for a quarter of the total number of equipment vehicles, including only navy, air force, artillery, tanks, communications, radar, engineering, and chemical defense. The special auxiliary vehicles for the arms and missiles are close to one-sixth of the total number of equipment used by the entire military; and the general-purpose vehicles and special-purpose vehicles for air force equipment account for more than half of the total number of vehicles. During this period, the equipments for the vehicles of the sea, land and air force have been greatly improved. The artillery, engineering, communications, and chemical defense forces have basically achieved motorization; two motorized forces have been formed, and the infantry regiment has begun to equip cars. Eliminated some of the carriages. The army’s vehicles began to renew and replace Soviet-type vehicles and older domestic-made vehicles that were equipped in the early 1960s.
During this period of development, China’s military vehicles embody the strong leadership organization capabilities of the Central Government and the high sense of responsibility and extraordinary creative ability of China’s engineering and technical personnel. Under the extremely poor conditions in which technical data, drawings, and manufacturing equipment are extremely poor, they The spirit of self-reliance made a historic contribution to the modernization of our military. The self-development ability and self-reliance spirit cultivated during this period have continued to this day, and it has also become a part of China’s auto industry that can develop independently without relying on a “joint venture†model.
The first generation of military vehicles BJ212
"Introduction of Technology" Drives the Development of "Second Generation" Military Vehicles
The significance of the first generation of military vehicles based on self-reliance is enormous. However, subject to the foundation of China's auto industry, the technical performance, quality indicators, cross-country tonnage and towing weight of vehicles cannot yet meet the needs of military weaponry development and modernization. To this end, starting from 1975, the General Logistics Department, together with the arms and vehicles departments and scientific research units of various arms and military forces, has drawn up the "Second Generation Military Vehicle Series Spectra." In the early 1990s, the development of second-generation military vehicles began, and the use of six-ton ​​class basic vehicles such as 0.5 tons, 1.5 tons, 3.5 tons, 5 tons, 7 tons, and 12 tons was confirmed. Based on self-developed and self-manufactured products in the previous 30 years, light-weight off-road vehicle plates featuring Beiqi, Nanjing Auto, Dongfeng and Dongfeng have gradually formed; Shaanxi Auto Works and Jinan Automobile under China National Heavy Duty Truck Group have been formed. Manufacturers and Sichuan Automobile Manufacturers, Baotou North Mercedes-Benz Heavy-Duty Trucks Co., Ltd., and Southwestern Vehicle Manufacturing Plant are among the backbone of the medium-sized off-road vehicle segment; Taian Special Vehicle Manufacturing Plant and Wanshan Special Vehicle Manufacturing Plant are the backbone of the heavy-duty and super Heavy-duty cross-country trucks and heavy-duty special-vehicle bases represented by Hanyang Special Automobile Manufacturing Plant.
With the deepening of the “reform and development†policy, the development of military vehicles has also been driven by the introduction of technology. On January 15, 1984, the Beijing Automobile Manufacturing Plant and the American Automobile Company (accredited by Chrysler of the United States after 1987) entered into a joint venture. Beijing Jeep Automobile Co., Ltd. marked the beginning of the "introduction" and "joint venture" of China's automobile manufacturing industry; CNHTC Group has also become a successful example of the introduction of Austria's Steyr and other advanced series models. China’s automobile manufacturing industry has thus entered a period of “globalizationâ€.
The representative models in the tonnage segment of light-duty vehicles are the BJ2022 4×4 off-road vehicle independently developed by Beijing Jeep, and the 1.5-ton NJ2045 soft and hard-top truck-type off-road vehicle developed by Nanjing Automobile Group using IVECO technology. Dongfeng Motor Company developed four-ton EQ2061E, EQ2102 and other general-purpose, multi-military arms supporting the medium-sized series of off-road vehicles; there are SX2150-type 5-ton military off-road vehicles produced by the Shaanxi Automobile Plant.
In the medium-sized off-road vehicle segment, China National Heavy Duty Truck Group's "Yellow River" series (after the use of Austrian Steyr (STEYR) technology), occupies an important position in our military in-service trucks. There are also SX2190 seven-ton, SX2270 and SX2300 12 to 15 ton off-road vehicles developed by Shaanxi Automobile (also using Steyr Technology); North Benz 7 ton 1926A and 10 ton 2629A off-road vehicles; The southwestern vehicle manufacturing plant has 7.5 tons of 6×6 XC2030 trucks and 8 tons of 8×8 XC2200 series utility vehicles, which are used for carrying our modern equipment and air defense weapon systems.
Among the heavy-duty and super-heavy vehicles, representative models are the WS2300 15-ton, WS2400 20-ton, and WS2500 28-ton sport utility vehicles. This series of vehicles is mainly used as missile launch vehicles and ammunition vehicles. Taian Special Vehicle Factory mainly supplies the vehicles of the 20-ton TA5380 heavy rocket launcher weapon system, the launch vehicles for surface-to-air missile systems, the loading vehicles, and the phased-radar vehicles, and also produces 25-ton TA5450 variants as rocket launchers. Car chassis; 30-ton TA5570 and TA5570A variants are used as missile transporter and missile transport vehicle chassis.
As an important manufacturing base for military special vehicles, Hanyang Special Automobile Manufacturing Plant has a history of nearly 40 years. Since the 1980s, it has begun to develop heavy duty special vehicles for weapons systems. Representative products are Hanyang HY473 (6×6). Tractor and HY962 semi-trailer and so on. At present, the main series of products are semi-trailer tractors for heavy equipment transportation with a capacity of over 20 tons. On the one hand, this type of military vehicle is used for supporting the heavy weaponry of modern high-tech warfare; on the other hand, it is intended to provide a huge supply of consumable supplies for the troops in a very short time. The development of heavy-duty military vehicles with greater carrying capacity and military vehicles that meet the requirements of complex weapon systems has not only become an important development trend for military equipment, but also poses a great challenge and a powerful influence on the basics and capabilities of a country's automobile manufacturing.
BJ2020S
Chariot Spring and Autumn
If the carrier-type military vehicle is likened to the "good horse" of the military, then the armored military vehicle is a sharp "rapid knife." The number of armored military vehicles in the army is one of the most important indicators of the strength of the army. Since 1958, China began to develop the 531 crawler-type armored personnel carrier for transporting infantry and coordination tanks. In 1963, the first batch of 531 armored transport vehicles delivered troops, named 63 armored transport vehicles. In 1968, the improved A531 armored transport vehicle began mass production and formed a series of models during 1981-1985. In 1987 it was upgraded to 531H (also known as Type 85) armored transport vehicle. In the period of more than 20 years before and after the mass production and equipping of Chinese troops. (Strictly speaking, tanks and crawler armored vehicles belong to the military vehicle series. Due to limited space, this article only gives an introduction to the infantry fighting vehicle.)
Infantry fighting vehicles are the further development of armored transport vehicles. Since there is usually no shooting hole for armored infantry on the armored transport vehicle, infantrymen need to get out and fight on foot after they reach the battlefield. This makes it difficult for infantry to advance and attack with tanks under certain battlefield conditions, and is vulnerable to enemy firepower. . Infantry combat vehicles can enable infantry to travel in coordination with tanks and increase the attack speed of combat troops. Since the 1950s, some military powers have started to develop infantry fighting vehicles. The US military has even proposed the use of wheeled armored vehicles. Replace Army's tracked armored vehicles.
Before the 1980s, our country barely equipped wheeled armored vehicles. Although the start of China's wheeled armored vehicles is relatively late, it has developed rapidly. The improvement of its manufacturing level is closely linked to the ability of China's auto research and development. At present, the WZ551 series of wheeled armored vehicles developed by the China North Industries (Group) Corporation has reached the level of similar foreign advanced armored vehicles in terms of technical performance. The representative type is the 92-wheeled infantry fighting vehicle (all known as the ZSL92 type wheel. An infantry fighting vehicle, also known as the WZ551 infantry fighting vehicle, is developing towards the car race. In terms of equipment, it has not only been equipped with rapid reaction units, but has also begun to serve in other field units.
The components of the Type 92 wheeled infantry fighting vehicle are technically mature and reliable. They are equipped with a 25 mm cannon, a super pressure semi-automatic collective three defense system, a battle room exhaust fan, a periscope, and a shot that are common to the 89-type tracked armored transport vehicle. Hole ball seat, and borrowed 63 type amphibious tank on the electric drainage device, anti-wave plate gear box and so on. The fighting room of the tank was equipped with an overhead single turret equipped with a ZPT90 25mm cannon and a juxtaposed 86 type 7.62mm machine gun with grenade and armor-piercing shells inside the turret. There are four 76 mm smoke bomb launchers on each side of the turret, arranged in a single row, capable of forming a smoke screen 120-150 meters long and 2-4 minutes in duration at 100 meters ahead. The car debuted in 1986.
The 92-series wheeled armored vehicles are more advanced armored vehicles in our military's current equipment and occupy an important position in our military's active mechanized equipment. Among the series are: Wheeled heavy anti-tank guided missile launchers, wheeled assault guns, etc. The emergence of wheeled infantry fighting vehicles has greatly increased the firepower and motivation of our army's rapid-response forces. It was aptly referred to by our officers and soldiers as the "infantry's hot wheels." In the parade of the 50th anniversary of the National Day in 1999, the 92-type infantry fighting vehicle was reviewed by the party and state leaders.
In addition, China also jointly developed the NVH1 infantry fighting vehicle with the United Kingdom. Developed by China, the British company Vickers developed a double turret equipped with a US M242 25mm external energy machine gun and a 7.62mm parallel machine gun; from Cronkner Holm, Germany IHD Co., Ltd. (KHD) introduced the production technology of a 320-hp 8-cylinder 4-stroke direct-injection air-cooled turbocharged diesel engine for the 92-type infantry fighting vehicle; the introduction of the ZF company's mechanical transmission for full use The power of the engine meets the requirements for high off-road mobility of the vehicle, and so on. The introduction of these world-class advanced technologies has become a successful example of "open" autonomous development and innovation in China's military vehicle manufacturing.
From the birth of the enemy to a new generation of military trucks, it has recorded the extraordinary journey that Chinese military vehicles have taken since more than half a century. This article outlines a section of the trajectory of the growth of Chinese military vehicles with a rough framework. Behind these rigid models and numbers, it embodies the hopes and aspirations of several generations, condensing the sweat and wisdom of countless people. The twists and turns and hardships have been satisfactorily answered in the powerful roar of Chinese military vehicles.