On the evening of September 23, 2013, the National Development and Reform Commission announced the oil upgrade program. The reporter was informed in subsequent interviews that from October 1st onwards, Ningbo's vehicle gasoline will begin the process of replacing oil from State III to State IV. During the three-month replacement period, all petrol products at the gas stations in Ningbo will be upgraded. Gas station natural replacement petrol takes half a month to three months The reporter learned from the interview on the evening of September 23 that from October 1st onwards, the tanks of more than 200 Sinopec gas stations in Ningbo will begin to replace the national IV gasoline oil products in batches. PetroChina’s Ningbo branch also operates its gas stations. Oil tank for oil replacement. At the same time, Zhenhai Refinery, the main source of oil in the Ningbo refined oil market, will stop the shipment of the State III oil, and all the gasoline oil export standards will meet the National IV standard. After a three-month replacement period, starting from January 1, next year, all gas stations in Ningbo City, including Sinopec, PetroChina, and social gas stations, will fully supply China IV oil. According to a person in charge of Chen Xing of the Sinopec Ningbo Branch, this time the State III upgraded to the State IV oil for natural replacement, which means that from October 1, Ningbo consumers added at the gas station to the State III and the State. IV oil mixed version "upgrade oil". After a natural replacement of half a month to three months at each gas station, Ningbo consumers can add purely national IV gasoline. The most direct advantage of using the National IV oil is the protection of the vehicle's emission performance. In fact, the new cars that are currently purchased have emission standards that are basically National IV, but the used oil is still at a low standard, and the engine will be "intestinal discomfort." After the oil upgrade, the owner does not have to deliberately clean the fuel tank. In addition, the diesel upgrade to the national IV standard was originally planned to begin on January 1, 2015. At present, no new notification has been received. Pressure on logistics companies may increase For consumers, the most direct experience of oil quality upgrades may be the increase in expenses. According to the data provided by Zhuo Chuangxin to reporters, after the private car runs 2,000 kilometers per month and the fuel consumption of 100 kilometers is estimated to be 8 oils, the annual expenditure of the car owners will increase by 425 yuan. However, for the logistics industry, the cost of expenditure is greater. Zhuo Chuang information and data show that with a 50-ton cargo truck as an example, the number of kilometers run per month is 10,000 kilometers, fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is calculated as 38 oils, and after the diesel upgrading country IV standard, the annual expenditure of vehicle owners will increase by about 14,347 yuan. For the logistics industry, the increased cost of diesel upgrades is on the high side. Recently, the National Development and Reform Commission printed and issued the "Notice on Relevant Opinions on Oil Quality Upgrade Pricing Policy" and decided to implement a high quality, favorable price policy for the upgrading of oil quality. Among them, the quality standards for automotive gasoline and diesel were upgraded to 290 yuan and 370 yuan per ton respectively in the fourth phase; from the fourth phase to the fifth phase, the price increase was 170 yuan and 160 yuan per ton respectively. The notice pointed out that the above price increase standard is based on the principle of reasonable compensation cost, high quality and preferential price, and polluter pays principle, and is determined on the basis of the company properly digesting part of the upgrade cost based on the investigation and verification results of the oil quality upgrade cost. The circular stipulates that local governments can, on the basis of the approval of the provincial people's government, combine the local oil upgrading process, and can determine the upgrading process of oil quality by the province as a unit or the city as a unit, and operate the above-mentioned price increase standard in due course. The notification requires that refined oil production enterprises must ensure that qualified oil products are supplied on schedule according to the quality standards of gasoline and diesel, and the market supply is guaranteed. Relevant departments and localities should perfect the subsidy policies for refined oil products reform in some difficult groups and public welfare industries, start the oil price subsidy mechanism and the linkage mechanism of oil transport prices at an appropriate time, and promptly divert the influence of oil quality upgrade and price increase policies on relevant industries and groups. According to the National Development and Reform Commission website High quality and price policy for upgrading oil products The person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission answered the reporter’s question Recently, the National Development and Reform Commission issued a pricing policy for upgrading oil products. In this regard, the reporter interviewed the relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission. Q: How is the price increase standard determined after the upgrade of oil quality? A: In order to reasonably determine the quality upgrade standards for the fourth and fifth stages of the national gasoline and diesel oil standards, the National Development and Reform Commission, together with the Ministry of Finance and local authorities, have completed the fourth and fifth stages of oil quality upgrade and refinery operations for PetroChina and Sinopec. Costs were thoroughly investigated and reviewed. Considering part of the cost factors of refinery digestion, it was determined that the quality of gasoline and diesel would be upgraded to 290 yuan and 370 yuan per ton respectively in the fourth phase; and the price increase would be 170 yuan and 160 yuan per ton respectively during the upgrade from the fourth phase to the fifth phase. Before this, when the quality of gasoline and diesel in Beijing, Shanghai and other regions was upgraded from the second stage to the fourth stage, they had cumulatively increased the price by 410 yuan and 480 yuan per ton respectively. According to this price increase policy, when the quality of gasoline and diesel in the above areas is upgraded to the fifth stage, only 50 yuan will be charged per ton. Q: How will the price policy operate? A: The mode of operation of the price policy is "unified publication and decentralized implementation." This does not mean that the price of oil in the country will rise immediately. According to the country’s established oil quality upgrade schedule, the fourth phase of the vehicle gasoline standard transition period to the end of 2013, the fourth phase of the vehicle diesel standard transition period to the end of 2014, the fifth phase of the vehicle gasoline and diesel standard transition period By the end of 2017, the key cities such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta will be in transition until the end of 2015. At the same time, qualified places are encouraged to implement oil quality upgrades in advance. After the country announced a unified fare increase standard, the specific operations were handed over to the local government. The localities could be combined with local realities, and the province could be a unit. It was also possible for the city to determine the process of upgrading the quality of oil products on its own, and to issue local standards according to the national fare increase standard. The price increase policy. Q: After the introduction of the price policy, what measures will China take to ease the impact on downstream users? A: The central government will subsidize difficult groups such as grain farmers, forestry, fishery, urban public transport, and rural road passenger transport, and public welfare industries, according to the current oil price subsidy mechanism. Before the tariff adjustment, the taxis will continue to be given temporary financial assistance. subsidy. At the same time, all localities must establish and improve a mechanism for linking road passenger transport, taxi transportation and refined oil prices. According to the National Development and Reform Commission website.
The die casting process involves the use of a furnace, metal, die casting machine, and die.
The metal, typically a non-ferrous alloy such as aluminium or zinc, is melted in the furnace and then injected into the dies in the die casting machine. After the molten metal is injected into the dies, it rapidly cools and solidifies into the final part, called the casting parts.
The castings that are created in this process can vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from a couple of ounces to 100 pounds. One common application of die-cast parts are housings - thin-walled enclosures, often requiring many ribs and bosses on the interior.
Metal housings for a variety of appliances and equipment are often die cast.
Several automobile components are also manufactured using die casting, including pistons, cylinder heads, and engine blocks. Most home appliances also need lightweight and r aluminum die castingheat dissipation . Other common die cast parts include propellers, gears, bushings, pumps, and valves.
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