Prostheses miraculously restore some of the features lost by amputees, but one thing they have not done so far is to restore an accurate sense of touch. Now, researchers report that these artificial arms and legs are likely to get near real touch in the near future. Using a two-layer, flexible, thin plastic, scientists have developed a new electronic sensor that mimics the neural information of the tactile sensors in human skin and sends signals to mouse brain tissue. For a long time, several research teams have been trying to restore touch to prosthetic wearers. For example, researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, reported two years ago that it gained the tactile sensation by connecting pressure sensors to the peripheral nerve of the arm of a prosthetic user. However, although these achievements have regained their basic touch, the signals transmitted by their sensors and signals and the skin's natural tactile sensor, the mechanoreceptors, are still vastly different. When the body's mechanoreceptors feel pressure, they send a pulse of nerve; the greater the pressure, the higher the frequency of the pulse. Previous tactile sensors, however, generate stronger electrical signals at greater pressures than high-frequency pulsed flow. The electrical signal must be sent to another processing chip that converts the signal's intensity into a digital pulse stream before it is sent to the surrounding nerve or brain. Inspired by the natural mechanoreceptors, researchers led by Paul Jensen, a chemical engineer at Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif., Began working on artificial skins that produce large amounts of digital signals directly. According to Bowen, this is the first flexible artificial skin to sense stress and communicate with the brain, "one step closer" to truly artificial skin like human skin. This man-made skin as "a page of paper so thin," can be divided into two layers, the outer layer is a sensor that can sense the pressure, made of plastic materials plus carbon nanotubes; the inner layer is printed by the ink jet printer flexible electronics Circuits, which convert stress signals into electrical signals and deliver them to the brain. Using a technique called optogenetics, researchers adapted the brain cells of the rat brain so that the artificial skin can deliver electrical signals to the altered cells. Baozhe Nan said pressure sensor is a difficult part of the perception of small forces, and they developed a man-made skin with a barley, a small piece of salt, the pressure caused by a butterfly can be perceived. The working principle is the greater the pressure, the greater the contact area with the electrode, so the better the conductivity, which can be perceived of pressure changes. The researchers next will develop sensors that sense temperature, pain and other sensations. Researchers reported the research in Science on October 16. John Rogers, a chemist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who studies flexible electronics, said: "I am delighted to see such research moving in this direction. This paper is impressive." However, both Rogers and Baozengnan emphasize that it is still a long way to get amputees similar to real touch. For example, doctors can not use human brain tissue to receive light signals. This means that researchers need to find other ways to deliver electrical signals from their prostheses to the brain in a consistent and safe manner for a long time. Baozeng Nan said she hopes to use flexible organic electronic products to accomplish this task. Ultimately, as these different clues of research are intertwined, it is likely to give amputees a whole new sense of the environment.
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