"About nearly 30 car companies are preparing for the declaration." Recently, Zhang Shulin, a special invited expert of the National Development and Reform Commission, revealed that the NDRC has received eight applications for new energy passenger car "licenses" and has officially approved it. Three. This means that in the future, the new new energy passenger car project will enter a period of intensive approval. Analysts pointed out that this will help accelerate the popularization of new energy vehicles in China. From the early stage of “heavy business†to the private consumption, new energy passenger vehicles are expected to set off a new high growth banner for the new energy market in the future. According to the latest sales data, due to the “cheat†incident last year, in September, new energy vehicles produced 43,000 vehicles and sold 44,000 vehicles, up 25.7% and 43.8% respectively. The growth rate has a cliff-like decline, setting the lowest monthly growth rate of new energy vehicles this year. The growth rate of new energy vehicles is falling off the cliff According to the data released by the China Automobile Association, China's new energy vehicles produced 43,000 vehicles in September, with sales of 44,000 vehicles, up 25.7% and 43.8% respectively. Among them, the production and sales of pure electric vehicles completed 34,000 and 35,000 respectively, up 31.6% and 63.1% respectively; the production and sales of plug-in hybrid vehicles completed 0.8 million and 0.9 million respectively, and the output increased by 6.3% year-on-year. 2.1%. On this basis, from January to September, new energy vehicles produced 302,000 vehicles and sold 289,000 vehicles, an increase of 93.0% and 100.6% over the same period of the previous year. Among them, the production and sales of pure electric vehicles were 229,000 and 216,000 respectively, up 118.1% and 128.4% respectively over the same period of the previous year; the production and sales of plug-in hybrid vehicles were 73,000, an increase of 41.7% and 47.2 respectively over the same period of the previous year. %. According to the data, although the new energy vehicles maintained a high growth rate in September, the monthly sales growth rate was again lower than 50%. Moreover, compared with the unexpected decline in March, the data is more alarming. The growth rate of new energy vehicles in September has been the third consecutive month of decline, and the decline has accelerated. Data show that in August, new energy vehicles produced 42,000 vehicles and sold 38,000 vehicles, up 81.5% and 92.2% respectively. In July, new energy vehicles produced 38,000 vehicles and sold 36,000 vehicles, up 93.4% and 98.1% respectively. According to the trend of new energy vehicles last year, the fourth quarter was affected by factors such as changes in subsidy standards, and the market experienced a spurt of growth. The higher base will bring more adverse effects to the market growth in the fourth quarter of this year. At the statistical data conference in September, the China Automobile Association has stated that the production and sales targets of 700,000 new energy vehicles this year cannot be achieved. The most ideal state is that it hopes to reach the level of 500,000 vehicles. "Cheat" is difficult to eliminate in a short time In fact, the rapid increase in the speed of the new energy vehicle market is closely related to the “cheatâ€. “According to preliminary estimates, this matter will directly reduce the company's net profit attributable to the parent company in 2016, which is RMB 3,154,200,100, which will have a greater impact on the company's 2016 operating results. The specific impact amount and accounting treatment will be confirmed by the company's annual auditing firm. Prevail." On October 13, Jinlong Automobile issued an announcement after receiving the "Notice of Administrative Punishment of the Ministry of Finance". This is also the third listed car company in China after Lifan Motors and Chongqing Hengtong, which was issued a huge ticket for “cheatâ€. It is reported that Jinlong Automobile has 1683 vehicles that have not been completed by the end of 2015. However, in 2015, the motor vehicle driving license has already been processed in advance, which does not meet the reporting conditions, involving the central financial subsidy fund of 519.21 million yuan. To this end, the Ministry of Finance will recover Suzhou Jinlong's 2015 central financial pre-allocated funds of 519.21 million yuan, and intends to impose administrative penalties on Suzhou Jinlong Company. According to the 50% fine of the amount of violations, Suzhou Jinlong will face 159.609 million yuan. Ticket. At the same time, from this year, Suzhou Jinlong Company will be disqualified from the central financial subsidy. When it is resumed, the rectification of Suzhou Jinlong will be reviewed and re-approved according to procedures. In addition to the deterrent of “cheat†tickets, auto companies are also experiencing the delays of many local new energy subsidy policies, which have led to weak growth of new energy vehicles, especially in commercial vehicles. Xu Haidong, deputy secretary-general of the China Automobile Association, said that the growth rate of new energy vehicles was as high as 300% last year. However, the growth rate of new energy vehicles in the fourth quarter of this year is relatively low. If specific policies are timely, new energy vehicles will enter a stable development. At least, the growth rate will not be lower than 100%. Passenger cars become the growth engine of new energy market Although the overall sales growth rate of new energy vehicles is declining, but the policy continues to encourage, the new energy passenger vehicle segment has generally accelerated. Since this year, the growth rate has been higher than the overall new energy market. According to statistics from the Association, in August, the sales volume of new energy narrow passenger cars was 29,913 units, an increase of 117% year-on-year; in July, the sales volume of new energy narrow passenger cars was 29,479 units, an increase of 162%; the sales of new energy narrow passenger cars in June It was 34,000 vehicles, an increase of 163% year-on-year. The corresponding new energy market is slightly inferior. The growth rate in August was 92.2%, the growth rate in July was 98.1%, and the growth rate in June was 107.3%. “Recently, nearly 30 companies are preparing for the declaration. Up to now, the National Development and Reform Commission has received 8 formal application enterprises. Among them, 3 have been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, and the other 5 are in the process of review or soon. In the review." Zhang Shulin said that among these enterprises, there are Internet companies, startup companies, foreign-funded enterprises, and now traditional vehicle companies, and so on. The analysis pointed out that in the future, new energy passenger car enterprises will enter a rapid approval stage, and future products will enter a period of rapid improvement. Under the background of continuous improvement of infrastructure, it is expected to stimulate the private consumption market of new energy vehicles. Develop and crack the current situation that new energy vehicles rely too much on commercial vehicles. Cui Dongshu, secretary-general of the Association, said that passenger cars have become the main driver of the growth of the new energy vehicle market this year. Prior to this, the main contributors to market growth were new energy buses and special vehicles. This year, sales of new energy passenger vehicles accounted for 75%, a significant increase from 57% in 2015. However, about 70% of the existing financial subsidies for new energy vehicles in China are distributed to commercial vehicles. At present, in terms of industrial policies, China has begun to change. It not only guides the regulation of investment and industrial development through a series of measures, but also absorbs some enterprises that are more focused on R&D and production of pure electric passenger vehicles to promote industrial upgrading and give full play to the market. The role of the main body has formed a new competitive landscape in the production of pure electric passenger vehicles. Lu Qun, chairman of Great Wall Huaguan, who just got the qualification for new energy passenger car production, believes that the reduction of subsidies for new energy vehicles will lead the industry to a more correct and normal development track.
The clamp with earth cable is used to make the electrical connection between the power source and the base material to be welded. The section and length of the cable are determined by the maximum current from the power source.
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Grounding of electrical circuits is a safety practice that is documented in various codes and standards. A typical arc welding setup may consist of several electrical circuits. Applying and maintaining proper grounding methods within the welding area is important to promote electrical safety in the workplace. Associated processes such as plasma cutting will also benefit from proper grounding. The important grounding topics in a typical welding environment are discussed.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
Welding Machine Ground
Welding Machines that utilize a flexible cord and plug arrangement or those that are permanently wired into an electrical supply system contain a grounding conductor. The grounding conductor connects the metal enclosure of the welding machine to ground. If we could trace the grounding wire back through the electrical power distribution system we would find that it is connected to earth, and usually through a metal rod driven into the earth.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
The purpose of connecting the equipment enclosure to ground is to ensure that the metal enclosure of the welding machine and ground is at the same potential. When they are at the same potential, a person will not experience an electrical shock when touching the two points. Grounding the enclosure also limits the voltage on the enclosure in the event that insulation should fail within the equipment.
The current carrying capability of the grounding conductor is coordinated with the overcurrent device of the electrical supply system. The coordination of ampacity allows the grounding conductor to remain intact even if there is an electrical fault within the welding machine.
Some welding machines may have a double insulated design. In this case, a grounding conductor connection is not required. This type of welding machine relies on extra insulation to protect the user from shock. When double insulation is present it is identified by a "box within a box" symbol on the rating plate.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
For small welding machines that utilize a plug on the end of a power cord, the grounding conductor connection is made automatically when the welding machine is plugged into the receptacle. The grounding pin of the plug makes a connection within the receptacle. The use of adapters that effectively remove the grounding pin connection at the plug is not recommended. Furthermore, do not cut off or remove the grounding pin from the plug. All safety benefit of the grounding conductor is lost without the connection.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
Receptacle circuit testers will easily check the continuity of the grounding conductor. Receptacle circuit testers for 120-volt circuits are available at electrical supply or hardware stores; these inexpensive test devices plug into an electrical outlet. Indicator lights show whether the grounding circuit is available at the outlet, as well as other circuit tests. If the test device shows the absence of a ground connection or other circuit problem, call a qualified electrician for assistance. This is a simple test and should be done periodically. Consult with a qualified electrician to test circuits greater than 120 volts.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
Workpiece Ground
The welding circuit consists of all conductive material through which the welding current is intended to flow. Welding current flows through the welding machine terminals, welding cables, workpiece connection, gun, torch, Electrode Holder and workpiece. The welding circuit is not connected to ground within the welding machine, but is isolated from ground. How do we ground the welding circuit?
According to ANSI Z49.1, "Safety in Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes," the workpiece or the metal table that the workpiece rests upon must be grounded. We must connect the workpiece or work table to a suitable ground, such as a metal building frame. The ground connection should be independent or separate from the welding circuit connection.
Grounding and Arc Welding Safety
Grounding the workpiece has similar benefit to grounding the welding machine enclosure. When the workpiece is grounded, it is at the same potential as other grounded objects in the area. In the event of insulation failure in the arc welding machine or other equipment, the voltage between the workpiece and ground will be limited. Note that it is possible to have an ungrounded workpiece, but this requires the approval of a qualified person.
The Workpiece Connection is not a Ground Clamp
"Ground clamp" and "ground lead" are common terms used by many welders. The workpiece is connected to a welding cable typically by means of a spring loaded clamp or screw clamp. Unfortunately, a workpiece connection is often incorrectly called a "ground clamp" by many welders and the workpiece lead is incorrectly called "ground lead." The welding cable does not bring a ground connection to the workpiece. The ground connection is separate from the workpiece connection.
High Frequency Ground
Some welding machines utilize starting and stabilizing circuits that contain a high frequency voltage. This is common on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding machines. The high frequency voltage may have frequency components that extend into the megahertz region. In contrast, the welding voltage may be as low as 60 Hertz.
High frequency signals have a tendency to radiate away from the welding area. These signals may cause interference with nearby radio and television reception or other electrical equipment. One method to minimize the radiation of high frequency signals is to ground the welding circuit. The welding machine instruction manual will have specific instructions on how to ground the welding circuit and components in the surrounding area to minimize the radiation effect.
Portable and Vehicle Mounted Welding Generator Grounding
Portable and vehicle mounted arc welding generators often have the capability to supply 120 and 240 volt auxiliary power. These generators are used in remote locations away from an electrical power distribution system. A convenient earth ground is not usually available for connection. Should the generator frame be grounded?
The rules for grounding depend on the specific use and design of the auxiliary power generator. Most applications fall into one of the two categories summarized below:
1. If all of these requirements are met, then it is not required to ground the generator frame:
The generator is mounted to truck or trailer
The auxiliary power is taken from receptacles on the generator using a cord and plug arrangement
The receptacles have a grounding pin
The frame of the generator is bonded, or electrically connected, to the truck or trailer frame
2. If either of these conditions are met, then the generator frame must be grounded:
The generator is connected to a premises wiring system. For example, to supply power to a house during a blackout.
The auxiliary power is hard wired into the generator without the use of cords and plugs.
The summary above does not go into details and the reader is urged to consult their local electrical codes and ANSI/NFPA 70, "National Electrical Code" for the specifics.
Extension Cord Grounds
Extension cords should be periodically tested for ground continuity. Extension cords lead a rough life while lying on the ground; they are under foot and prone to damage. The use of a receptacle circuit tester will confirm that all of the connections are intact within the cord, plug and receptacle.
Welding Circuit Shock Hazards
Utilizing proper grounding in the welding environment is a good practice, but it does not remove all possibility of electrical shock. The welding circuit is energized by welding voltage. A person will receive a shock if they become the electrical path across the welding circuit. Precautions must be taken to insulate the welder from the welding circuit. Use dry insulating gloves and other insulating means. Also maintain insulation on weld cables, electrode holders, guns and torches to provide protection.
Similarly, electric shock originating from the electrical supply system can be prevented. Proper maintenance of electrical equipment and extension cords will insulate the welder from electrical sources.
Information Sources
American Welding Society, ANSI Z49.1:2005 "Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes."

National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 70, "National Electrical Code", 2005.

American Welding Society, Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 29, "Grounding of Portable and Vehicle Mounted Welding Generators", July 2004.

American Welding Society, AWS A3.0-2001, "Standard Welding Terms and Definitions."